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This is a Linux industrial I/O (IIO) subsystem driver, targeting multi channel, dual interface serial/parallel interface ADCs. The industrial I/O subsystem provides a unified framework for drivers for many different types of converters and sensors using a number of different physical interfaces (i2c, spi, etc). See IIO for more information.
| Function | File |
|---|---|
| driver | drivers/iio/adc/ad7606.c |
| driver | drivers/iio/adc/ad7606_spi.c |
| driver | drivers/iio/adc/ad7606_par.c |
| include | drivers/iio/adc/ad7606.h |
| documentation | Documentation/devicetree/bindings/iio/adc/adi,ad7606.yaml |
For compile time configuration, it’s common Linux practice to keep board- and application-specific configuration out of the main driver file, instead putting it into the board support file.
For devices on custom boards, as typical of embedded and SoC-(system-on-chip) based hardware, Linux uses platform_data to point to board-specific structures describing devices and how they are connected to the SoC. This can include available ports, chip variants, preferred modes, default initialization, additional pin roles, and so on. This shrinks the board-support packages (BSPs) and minimizes board and application specific #ifdefs in drivers.
For the memory mapped parallel interface option, the user must specify the physical base address where the AD7606 is mapped into. A system IRQ number for the AD7606 BUSY indicator signal must be specified.
| ADI part number | platform_device name |
|---|---|
| AD7605-4 | ad7605-4 |
| AD7606 | ad7606-8 |
| AD7606-6 | ad7606-6 |
| AD7606-4 | ad7606-4 |
| AD7606B | ad7606b |
| AD7616 | ad7616 |
#if defined(CONFIG_AD7606) || defined(CONFIG_AD7606_MODULE) static struct resource ad7606_resources[] = { [0] = { .start = 0x20100000, /* SDP: AMS1 / CS_B */ .end = 0x20100000, .flags = IORESOURCE_MEM, }, [1] = { /* general IRQ */ .start = IRQ_PH6, /* SDP: GPIO6 */ .end = IRQ_PH6, .flags = IORESOURCE_IRQ | IORESOURCE_IRQ_HIGHLEVEL, }, }; static struct platform_device ad7606_device = { .name = "ad7606-8", .dev = { .platform_data = &ad7606_pdata, }, .num_resources = ARRAY_SIZE(ad7606_resources), .resource = ad7606_resources, }; #endif
static struct platform_device *board_devices[] __initdata = { #if defined(CONFIG_AD7606) || / defined(CONFIG_AD7606_MODULE) &ad7606_device, #endif };
static int __init board_init(void) { [--snip--] platform_add_devices(board_devices, ARRAY_SIZE(board_devices)); [--snip--] return 0; } arch_initcall(board_init);
Unlike PCI or USB devices, SPI devices are not enumerated at the hardware level. Instead, the software must know which devices are connected on each SPI bus segment, and what slave selects these devices are using. For this reason, the kernel code must instantiate SPI devices explicitly. The most common method is to declare the SPI devices by bus number.
This method is appropriate when the SPI bus is a system bus, as in many embedded systems, wherein each SPI bus has a number which is known in advance. It is thus possible to pre-declare the SPI devices that inhabit this bus. This is done with an array of struct spi_board_info, which is registered by calling spi_register_board_info().
For more information see: Documentation/spi/spi-summary
Depending on the converter IC used, you may need to set the modalias accordin gly, matching your part name. It may also required to adjust max_speed_hz. Please consult the datasheet, for maximum spi clock supported by the device in question.
| ADI part number | spi_board_info modalias |
|---|---|
| AD7605-4 | ad7605-4 |
| AD7606 | ad7606-8 |
| AD7606-6 | ad7606-6 |
| AD7606-4 | ad7606-4 |
static struct spi_board_info board_spi_board_info[] __initdata = { #if defined(CONFIG_AD7606) || / defined(CONFIG_AD7606_MODULE) { /* the modalias must be the same as spi device driver name */ .modalias = "ad7606-8", /* Name of spi_driver for this device */ .max_speed_hz = 10000000, /* max spi clock (SCK) speed in HZ */ .bus_num = 0, /* Framework bus number */ .chip_select = 3, /* Framework chip select */ .controller_data = &ad7606_chip_info, /* Blackfin only */ .irq = IRQ_PH6, .mode = SPI_MODE_3, }, #endif };
static int __init board_init(void) { [--snip--] spi_register_board_info(board_spi_board_info, ARRAY_SIZE(board_spi_board_info)); [--snip--] return 0; } arch_initcall(board_init);
Configure kernel with “make menuconfig” (alternatively use “make xconfig” or “make qconfig”)
Linux Kernel Configuration Device Drivers ---> <*> Industrial I/O support ---> --- Industrial I/O support *** Analog to digital converters *** [--snip--] <*> Analog Devices AD7606 ADC driver with parallel interface support <*> Analog Devices AD7606 ADC driver with spi interface support [--snip--]
Analog Devices AD7606 Simultaneous Sampling ADC
Required properties for the AD7606:
- compatible: Must be one of
- reg: SPI chip select number for the device - spi-max-frequency: Max SPI frequency to use.
see: Documentation/devicetree/bindings/spi/spi-bus.txt
- spi-cpha: See Documentation/devicetree/bindings/spi/spi-bus.txt - avcc-supply: phandle to the Avcc power supply - interrupts: IRQ line for the ADC
see: Documentation/devicetree/bindings/interrupt-controller/interrupts.txt
- adi,conversion-start-gpios: must be the device tree identifier of the CONVST pin. This logic input is used to initiate conversions on the analog input channels. As the line is active high, it should be marked GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH.
Optional properties:
- reset-gpios: must be the device tree identifier of the RESET pin. If specified, it will be asserted during driver probe. As the line is active high, it should be marked GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH.
- standby-gpios: must be the device tree identifier of the STBY pin. This pin is used to place the AD7606 into one of two power-down modes, Standby mode or Shutdown mode. As the line is active low, it should be marked GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW.
- adi,first-data-gpios: must be the device tree identifier of the FRSTDATA pin. The FRSTDATA output indicates when the first channel, V1, is being read back on either the parallel, byte or serial interface. As the line is active high, it should be marked GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH.
- adi,range-gpios: must be the device tree identifier of the RANGE pin. The polarity on this pin determines the input range of the analog input channels. If this pin is tied to a logic high, the analog input range is ±10V for all channels. If this pin is tied to a logic low, the analog input range is ±5V for all channels. As the line is active high, it should be marked GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH.
- adi,oversampling-ratio-gpios: must be the device tree identifier of the over-sampling mode pins. As the line is active high, it should be marked GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH.
- adi,sw-mode: Boolean, software mode of operation, so far available only for ad7606b. Software mode is enabled when all three oversampling mode pins are connected to high level. The AD7606B is configured by the corresponding registers. If the adi,oversampling-ratio-gpios property is defined, then the driver will set the oversampling gpios to high. Otherwise, it is assumed that the pins are hardwired to VDD.
Example:
adc@0 {
compatible = "adi,ad7606-8";
reg = <0>;
spi-max-frequency = <1000000>;
spi-cpol;
avcc-supply = <&adc_vref>;
interrupts = <25 IRQ_TYPE_EDGE_FALLING>;
interrupt-parent = <&gpio>;
adi,conversion-start-gpios = <&gpio 17 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH>;
reset-gpios = <&gpio 27 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH>;
adi,first-data-gpios = <&gpio 22 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH>;
adi,oversampling-ratio-gpios = <&gpio 18 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH
&gpio 23 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH
&gpio 26 GPIO_ACTIVE_HIGH>;
standby-gpios = <&gpio 24 GPIO_ACTIVE_LOW>;
adi,sw-mode;
};
Each and every IIO device, typically a hardware chip, has a device folder under /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX. Where X is the IIO index of the device. Under every of these directory folders reside a set of files, depending on the characteristics and features of the hardware device in question. These files are consistently generalized and documented in the IIO ABI documentation. In order to determine which IIO deviceX corresponds to which hardware device, the user can read the name file /sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/name. In case the sequence in which the iio device drivers are loaded/registered is constant, the numbering is constant and may be known in advance.
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/> cd /sys/bus/iio/devices/ root:/sys/bus/iio/devices> ls iio:device0 iio:trigger0 root:/sys/bus/iio/devices> cd iio:device0 root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> ls -l drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 0 Jan 1 00:00 buffer -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage0_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage1_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage2_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage3_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage4_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage5_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage6_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage7_raw -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 in_voltage_scale -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 name -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 oversampling_ratio -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 oversampling_ratio_available -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 range -r--r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 range_available lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 0 Jan 1 00:00 subsystem -> ../../../../bus/iio drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 0 Jan 1 00:00 trigger -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 4096 Jan 1 00:00 uevent root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0>
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> cat name ad7606
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> cat oversampling_ratio_available 0 2 4 8 16 32 64
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> cat range_available 5000 10000
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> echo 10000 > range root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> cat range 10000
Description:
scale to be applied to in0_raw in order to obtain the measured voltage in millivolts.
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> cat in_voltage_scale 0.152
Description:
Raw unscaled voltage measurement on channel 2
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0> cat in_voltage2_raw 5789
U = in2_raw * in_scale = 5789 * 0.152 = 879,928 mV
If deviceX supports triggered sampling, it’s a so called trigger consumer and there will be an additional folder /sys/bus/iio/device/iio:deviceX/trigger. In this folder there is a file called current_trigger, allowing controlling and viewing the current trigger source connected to deviceX. Available trigger sources can be identified by reading the name file /sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerY/name. The same trigger source can connect to multiple devices, so a single trigger may initialize data capture or reading from a number of sensors, converters, etc.
Trigger Consumers:
Currently triggers are only used for the filling of software ring
buffers and as such any device supporting INDIO_RING_TRIGGERED has the
consumer interface automatically created.
Description: Read name of triggerY
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/triggerY/> cat name irqtrig56
Description: Make irqtrig56 (trigger using system IRQ56, likely a GPIO IRQ), to current trigger of deviceX
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/trigger> echo irqtrig56 > current_trigger
Description: Read current trigger source of deviceX
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:deviceX/trigger> cat current_trigger irqtrig56
| name | description |
|---|---|
| iio-trig-gpio | Provides support for using GPIO pins as IIO triggers. |
| iio-trig-rtc | Provides support for using periodic capable real time clocks as IIO triggers. |
| iio-trig-sysfs | Provides support for using SYSFS entry as IIO triggers. |
| iio-trig-bfin-timer | Provides support for using a Blackfin timer as IIO triggers. |
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0/buffer> ls enable subsystem length uevent root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0/buffer>
The Industrial I/O subsystem provides support for various ring buffer based data acquisition methods. Apart from device specific hardware buffer support, the user can chose between two different software ring buffer implementations. One is the IIO lock free software ring, and the other is based on Linux kfifo. Devices with buffer support feature an additional sub-folder in the /sys/bus/iio/devices/deviceX/ folder hierarchy. Called deviceX:bufferY, where Y defaults to 0, for devices with a single buffer.
Every buffer implementation features a set of files:
length
Get/set the number of sample sets that may be held by the buffer.
enable
Enables/disables the buffer. This file should be written last, after length and selection of scan elements.
watermark
A single positive integer specifying the maximum number of scan
elements to wait for.
Poll will block until the watermark is reached.
Blocking read will wait until the minimum between the requested
read amount or the low water mark is available.
Non-blocking read will retrieve the available samples from the
buffer even if there are less samples then watermark level. This
allows the application to block on poll with a timeout and read
the available samples after the timeout expires and thus have a
maximum delay guarantee.
data_available
A read-only value indicating the bytes of data available in the
buffer. In the case of an output buffer, this indicates the
amount of empty space available to write data to. In the case of
an input buffer, this indicates the amount of data available for
reading.
length_align_bytes
Using the high-speed interface. DMA buffers may have an alignment requirement for the buffer length.
Newer versions of the kernel will report the alignment requirements
associated with a device through the `length_align_bytes` property.
scan_elements
The scan_elements directory contains interfaces for elements that will be captured for a single triggered sample set in the buffer.
This specifies any shell prompt running on the target
root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0/scan_elements> ls in_voltage0_en in_voltage2_index in_voltage5_en in_voltage7_index in_voltage0_index in_voltage3_en in_voltage5_index in_voltage_type in_voltage1_en in_voltage3_index in_voltage6_en timestamp_en in_voltage1_index in_voltage4_en in_voltage6_index timestamp_index in_voltage2_en in_voltage4_index in_voltage7_en timestamp_type root:/sys/bus/iio/devices/iio:device0/scan_elements>
in_voltageX_en / in_voltageX-voltageY_en / timestamp_en:
Scan element control for triggered data capture.
Writing 1 will enable the scan element, writing 0 will disable it
in_voltageX_type / in_voltageX-voltageY_type / timestamp_type:
Description of the scan element data storage within the buffer
and therefore in the form in which it is read from user-space.
Form is [s|u]bits/storage-bits. s or u specifies if signed
(2's complement) or unsigned. bits is the number of bits of
data and storage-bits is the space (after padding) that it
occupies in the buffer. Note that some devices will have
additional information in the unused bits so to get a clean
value, the bits value must be used to mask the buffer output
value appropriately. The storage-bits value also specifies the
data alignment. So u12/16 will be a unsigned 12 bit integer
stored in a 16 bit location aligned to a 16 bit boundary.
For other storage combinations this attribute will be extended
appropriately.
in_voltageX_index / in_voltageX-voltageY_index / timestamp_index:
A single positive integer specifying the position of this
scan element in the buffer. Note these are not dependent on
what is enabled and may not be contiguous. Thus for user-space
to establish the full layout these must be used in conjunction
with all _en attributes to establish which channels are present,
and the relevant _type attributes to establish the data storage
format.
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