如何构建一个基于RFID的考勤系统?

描述

在这篇文章中,我们将构建一个基于RFID的考勤系统,该系统可以记录给定时间窗口内 12 名学生/教职员工的出勤情况,该系统最多可以记录每人 255
名考勤。

什么是RFID考勤系统

我们不需要任何关于基于RFID的考勤系统的介绍,它被用于大学,办公室,图书馆,以了解一个人在什么时间进出多少次或多少人。

在这个项目中,我们将构建一个最简单的基于RFID的考勤系统,该系统不会使项目过于复杂。

在这个项目中,我们将使用RTC模块,该模块用于在给定的时间段内启用和禁用考勤系统,以便我们可以阻止迟到者。

RFID模块“RFID-RC522”可以在基于恩智浦的RFID标签上进行读写操作。恩智浦是全球RFID标签的领先生产商,我们可以轻松地在线和离线商店购买它们。

使用16 x 2 LCD显示屏,用于显示时间,日期,出席人数等信息。

最后使用Arduino板,这是项目的大脑。您可以选择任何版本的主板。

现在让我们继续看原理图:

Arduino 到 LCD 显示屏连接:

只需按照下图连接接线,并使用 10 千欧姆电位计调整对比度。

考勤系统

Arduino 到 RFID 模块连接:

考勤系统

RFID 模块必须由 3.3V 供电,5V 可能会损坏板载组件。RFID-RC522模块在与Arduino通信时采用SPI通信协议工作。

电路的其余部分:

Arduino可以由9V墙上适配器供电。有一个蜂鸣器和 LED 指示检测到卡。提供了 4
个按钮,用于查看考勤、清除内存以及“是”和“否”按钮。

考勤系统

硬件部分到此结束。

现在我们必须为 RTC 模块设置正确的时间才能执行此操作,按照以下步骤完成硬件设置。

打开 Arduino IDE。

导航到文件》示例》DS1307RTC》设置时间。

上传代码。

将代码上传到Arduino后,打开串行监视器。现在,RTC与计算机的时间同步。

现在,您必须找到所有12个RFID卡/标签的UID或唯一标识号。要查找 UID,请上传以下代码并打开串行监视器。
//-------------------------Program developed by
R.Girish------------------//

#include 《SPI.h》

#include 《MFRC522.h》

#define SS_PIN 10

#define RST_PIN 9

MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);

MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

SPI.begin();

rfid.PCD_Init();

}

void loop() {

if ( ! rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())

return;

if ( ! rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial())

return;

MFRC522::PICC_Type piccType = rfid.PICC_GetType(rfid.uid.sak);

if (piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_MINI &&

piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_1K &&

piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_4K)

{

Serial.println(F(“Your tag is not of type MIFARE Classic, your card/tag
can‘t be read :(”));

return;

}

String StrID = “” ;

for (byte i = 0; i 《 4; i ++)

{

StrID +=

(rfid.uid.uidByte[i] 《 0x10 ? “0” : “”) +

String(rfid.uid.uidByte[i], HEX) +

(i != 3 ? “:” : “” );

}

StrID.toUpperCase();

Serial.print(“Your card’s UID: ”);

Serial.println(StrID);

rfid.PICC_HaltA ();

rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1 ();

}

//-------------------------Program developed by
R.Girish------------------//

打开串行监视器。

扫描RFID模块上的卡/标签。

现在,您将看到每张卡的一些十六进制代码。

写下来,我们将在下一个程序中输入这些数据。

主程序:

//-------------------------Program developed by
R.Girish------------------//

#include 《LiquidCrystal.h》

#include 《EEPROM.h》

#include 《SPI.h》

#include 《MFRC522.h》

#include 《Wire.h》

#include 《TimeLib.h》

#include 《DS1307RTC.h》

#define SS_PIN 10

#define RST_PIN 9

MFRC522 rfid(SS_PIN, RST_PIN);

MFRC522::MIFARE_Key key;

const int rs = 7;

const int en = 6;

const int d4 = 5;

const int d5 = 4;

const int d6 = 3;

const int d7 = 2;

const int LED = 8;

boolean ok = false;

LiquidCrystal lcd(rs, en, d4, d5, d6, d7);

const int list = A0;

const int CLM = A1;

const int yes = A2;

const int no = A3;

int H = 0;

int M = 0;

int S = 0;

int i = 0;

int ID1 = 0;

int ID2 = 0;

int ID3 = 0;

int ID4 = 0;

int ID5 = 0;

int ID6 = 0;

int ID7 = 0;

int ID8 = 0;

int ID9 = 0;

int ID10 = 0;

int ID11 = 0;

int ID12 = 0;

char UID[] = “”;

// **************************** SETTINGS ************************ //

// ------ From -------- // (Set the time range for attendance in hours 0 to
23)

int h = 21; // Hrs

int m = 00; // Min

// ------- To ------- //

int h1 = 21; // Hrs

int m1 = 50; //Min

// ---------------- SET UIDs ----------------- //

char UID1[] = “F6:97:ED:70”;

char UID2[] = “45:B8:AF:C0”;

char UID3[] = “15:9F:A5:C0”;

char UID4[] = “C5:E4:AD:C0”;

char UID5[] = “65:1D:AF:C0”;

char UID6[] = “45:8A:AF:C0”;

char UID7[] = “15:9F:A4:C0”;

char UID8[] = “55:CB:AF:C0”;

char UID9[] = “65:7D:AF:C0”;

char UID10[] = “05:2C:AA:04”;

char UID11[] = “55:7D:AA:04”;

char UID12[] = “BD:8A:16:0B”;

// -------------- NAMES -----------------------//

char Name1[] = “Student1”;

char Name2[] = “Student2”;

char Name3[] = “Student3”;

char Name4[] = “Student4”;

char Name5[] = “Student5”;

char Name6[] = “Student6”;

char Name7[] = “Student7”;

char Name8[] = “Student8”;

char Name9[] = “Student9”;

char Name10[] = “Student10”;

char Name11[] = “Student11”;

char Name12[] = “Student12”;

// ********************************************************** //

void setup()

{

Serial.begin(9600);

lcd.begin(16, 2);

SPI.begin();

rfid.PCD_Init();

pinMode(yes, INPUT);

pinMode(no, INPUT);

pinMode(list, INPUT);

pinMode(LED, OUTPUT);

pinMode(CLM, INPUT);

digitalWrite(CLM, HIGH);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

digitalWrite(yes, HIGH);

digitalWrite(no, HIGH);

digitalWrite(list, HIGH);

}

void loop()

{

if (digitalRead(list) == LOW)

{

Read_data();

}

if (digitalRead(CLM) == LOW)

{

clear_Memory();

}

tmElements_t tm;

if (RTC.read(tm))

{

lcd.clear();

H = tm.Hour;

M = tm.Minute;

S = tm.Second;

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“TIME:”);

lcd.print(tm.Hour);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(tm.Minute);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(tm.Second);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“DATE:”);

lcd.print(tm.Day);

lcd.print(“/”);

lcd.print(tm.Month);

lcd.print(“/”);

lcd.print(tmYearToCalendar(tm.Year));

delay(1000);

} else {

if (RTC.chipPresent())

{

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“RTC stopped!!!”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Run SetTime code”);

} else {

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Read error!”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Check circuitry!”);

}

}

if (H == h)

{

if (M == m)

{

ok = true;

}

}

if (H == h1)

{

if (M == m1)

{

ok = false;

}

}

if ( ! rfid.PICC_IsNewCardPresent())

return;

if ( ! rfid.PICC_ReadCardSerial())

return;

MFRC522::PICC_Type piccType = rfid.PICC_GetType(rfid.uid.sak);

if (piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_MINI &&

piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_1K &&

piccType != MFRC522::PICC_TYPE_MIFARE_4K)

{

Serial.println(F(“Your tag is not of type MIFARE Classic, your card/tag
can‘t be read :(”));

}

String StrID = “” ;

for (byte i = 0; i 《 4; i ++)

{

StrID +=

(rfid.uid.uidByte[i] 《 0x10 ? “0” : “”) +

String(rfid.uid.uidByte[i], HEX) +

(i != 3 ? “:” : “” );

}

StrID.toUpperCase();

if (ok == false)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Attendance is”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Closed.”);

delay(1000);

}

if (ok)

{

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID1)

{

ID1 = EEPROM.read(1);

ID1 = ID1 + 1;

if (ID1 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID1 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(1, ID1);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID2)

{

ID2 = EEPROM.read(2);

ID2 = ID2 + 1;

if (ID2 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID2 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(2, ID2);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID3)

{

ID3 = EEPROM.read(3);

ID3 = ID3 + 1;

if (ID3 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID3 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(3, ID3);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID4)

{

ID4 = EEPROM.read(4);

ID4 = ID4 + 1;

if (ID4 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID4 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(4, ID4);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID5)

{

ID5 = EEPROM.read(5);

ID5 = ID5 + 1;

if (ID5 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID5 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(5, ID5);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID6)

{

ID6 = EEPROM.read(6);

ID6 = ID6 + 1;

if (ID6 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID6 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(6, ID6);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID7)

{

ID7 = EEPROM.read(7);

ID7 = ID7 + 1;

if (ID7 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID7 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(7, ID7);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID8)

{

ID8 = EEPROM.read(8);

ID8 = ID1 + 1;

if (ID8 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID8 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(8, ID8);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID9)

{

ID9 = EEPROM.read(9);

ID9 = ID9 + 1;

if (ID9 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID9 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(9, ID9);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID10)

{

ID10 = EEPROM.read(10);

ID10 = ID10 + 1;

if (ID10 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID10 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(10, ID10);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID11)

{

ID11 = EEPROM.read(11);

ID11 = ID11 + 1;

if (ID11 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID11 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(11, ID11);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

//-----------------------------------//

if (StrID == UID12)

{

ID12 = EEPROM.read(12);

ID12 = ID12 + 1;

if (ID12 == 256)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Memory is Full”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Please Clear All.”);

for (i = 0; i 《 20; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(100);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(100);

}

i = 0;

return;

}

if (ID12 != 256)

{

EEPROM.write(12, ID12);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Your Attendance”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Registered !!!”);

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(1000);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

return;

}

}

if (StrID != UID1 || StrID != UID2 || StrID != UID3 || StrID != UID4

|| StrID != UID5 || StrID != UID6 || StrID != UID7 || StrID != UID8

|| StrID != UID9 || StrID != UID10 || StrID != UID11 || StrID != UID12)

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(“Unknown RFID”);

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(“Card !!!”);

for (i = 0; i 《 3; i++)

{

digitalWrite(LED, HIGH);

delay(200);

digitalWrite(LED, LOW);

delay(200);

}

}

rfid.PICC_HaltA ();

rfid.PCD_StopCrypto1();

}

}

void Read_data()

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(Name1);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(1));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(Name2);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(2));

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(Name3);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(3));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(Name4);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(4));

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(Name5);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(5));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(Name6);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(6));

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(Name7);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(7));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(Name8);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(8));

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(Name9);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(9));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(Name10);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(10));

delay(2000);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(Name11);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(11));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(Name12);

lcd.print(“:”);

lcd.print(EEPROM.read(12));

delay(2000);

}

void clear_Memory()

{

lcd.clear();

lcd.print(0, 0);

lcd.print(F(“Clear All Data?”));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(F(“Long press: Y/N”));

delay(2500);

Serial.print(“YES”);

if (digitalRead(yes) == LOW)

{

EEPROM.write(1, 0);

EEPROM.write(2, 0);

EEPROM.write(3, 0);

EEPROM.write(4, 0);

EEPROM.write(5, 0);

EEPROM.write(6, 0);

EEPROM.write(7, 0);

EEPROM.write(8, 0);

EEPROM.write(9, 0);

EEPROM.write(10, 0);

EEPROM.write(11, 0);

EEPROM.write(12, 0);

lcd.clear();

lcd.setCursor(0, 0);

lcd.print(F(“All Data Cleared”));

lcd.setCursor(0, 1);

lcd.print(F(“****************”));

delay(1500);

}

if (digitalRead(no) == LOW);

{

return;

}

}

//-------------------------Program developed by
R.Girish------------------//

---------------- 设置用户界面----------------- //

字符 UID1[] = “F6:97:ED:70”;

字符 UID2[] = “45:B8:AF:C0”;

字符 UID3[] = “15:9F:A5:C0”;

char UID4[] = “C5:E4:AD:C0”;

字符 UID5[] = “65:1D:AF:C0”;

char UID6[] = “45:8A:AF:C0”;

字符 UID7[] = “15:9F:A4:C0”;

char UID8[] = “55:CB:AF:C0”;

字符 UID9[] = “65:7D:AF:C0”;

字符 UID10[] = “05:2C:AA:04”;

字符 UID11[] = “55:7D:AA:04”;

字符 UID12[] = “BD:8A:16:0B”;

//----------------------------------------------//

您这里有地名:

--------------名字-----------------------//

字符名称 1[] = “学生 1”;

字符名称 2[] = “学生 2”;

字符名称 3[] = “学生 3”;

字符名称 4[] = “学生 4”;

字符名称 5[] = “学生 5”;

字符名称 6[] = “学生 6”;

字符名称 7[] = “学生 7”;

字符名称 8[] = “学生 8”;

字符名称 9[] = “学生 9”;

字符名称 10[] = “学生 10”;

字符名称 11[] = “学生 11”;

字符名称 12[] = “学生 12”;

//--------------------------------------------//

将学生 1、学生 2 替换为您想要的任何名称或保持原样。

您必须设置从何时到考勤系统应该处于活动状态的时间,其余时间当我们扫描RFID标签/卡时,系统不会注册考勤:

------从--------//

整数 h = 21;小时

int m = 00;最小值

-------自-------//

整数 h1 = 21;小时

int m1 = 50;最小值

//-------------------------//

上半部分是开始时间,下半部分是结束时间。您必须输入从 0 到 23 的小时和从 00 到 59 的分钟。

打开APP阅读更多精彩内容
声明:本文内容及配图由入驻作者撰写或者入驻合作网站授权转载。文章观点仅代表作者本人,不代表电子发烧友网立场。文章及其配图仅供工程师学习之用,如有内容侵权或者其他违规问题,请联系本站处理。 举报投诉

全部0条评论

快来发表一下你的评论吧 !

×
20
完善资料,
赚取积分